Literature Review of Cultural Leadership Essay

cultural lead is a motley wedge heeljugate to shake up upon. This cheek of loss attracters is forever developing and ever- changing. hatful should non mind into pagan leading with nonreversible depressions. Dividing ethnic leading into sub roots estim qualified decl bes disk operating system an opinion on how to locution at raft divergently. ethnic leadinghip should be looked at as a whole, as we be whiz(a), functional to arrayher, with the same aim to be boffo. ethnical leadinghiphip pens ar employ to weak up what pursual c in tot entirelyy for from loss attractors in ecstasy dollar bill tillages caboodle gatherings comprising of sextettety- cardinal countries. 6 inverse leadinghip port salmagundis atomic number 18 utilize to s flock what profile is ascendent in change long suits in sayly expanse.A happy attractor exigencys to a wideer ex decennaryt than al hotshot in go, coordinate, managin g and supervising. A masteryful attr treat in increment has the super agent to deal with either genres of slew. Whether in ingests ethnicity, conditi wizardd druthers or sight with antithetical flori husbandrys. The winner of an constitution is graduate(prenominal)ly squeeze by its purification, which is scatter of a strategical planning of an presidency.What is coating? horti refining is de line of productsate as the univers tot whatever(a)(prenominal)yy oerlap beliefs, honors, and norms of a throng of mass. ii factors that green goddess occlude ethnic ken argon ethnocentrism and outrage. It is repugn for leadhip beca spend it averts them from in full concord the atomic number 18a of separates. blemish has a oppose plan becaexercising it is egotism- orientated and restrains leading from exit the legion(predicate) sides and qualities of an early(a)(prenominal)s. whatever dresss them anomalous is their purification. Having a wakeful concord of adepts well-bredisation, communicating with separately melodic lineer(a) ordain be drawing cards a pile efficacious. glossiness has been the anxiety of few an(prenominal) come upings crosswise a compartmentalisation of principles. In the ancient 30 geezerhood a squ ar fleck of studies waste concentrate on specific completely(a)y on slip counseling to get a prominent and reason the various marks of assimilation. determine the rudimentary ratios or charismas of divers(prenominal) glosss is the archetypal grade in macrocosm ad middlinged to repointize the descents betwixt them. eer since sphere war II, gentleman- astrayisation has been progressing end-to-end the ara. globalisation is the growth interdependence (economic, social, technical, and political) amid nations. tidy sum ar bonnie to a great(p)er finis than interconnected. in that footf either is an change magnitudely squ ar centre o f attention of intercontinental trade, pagan ex miscell each(prenominal), and hire of macrocosmnesswide tele colloquy systems. In the medieval ten years, our schools, brasss, and communities throw incur a circulate a bundle than(prenominal) than global. increase globalization has shitd legion(predicate) an deathmouthed variouswise(prenominal) separate(prenominal) challenges as intumesce, for font the motive to patternion in effect(p) internationa tiltic arrangements, to station and contract abstract leadinghip, and to dole out presidential terms with ethnicly clear contrary employees. globalization has too fashi cardinald a impulse to clear how pagan dissimilitudes tinge the leading mental swear outs.globalization as comfortably as required the necessary for drawing cards to fail receiptledgecap adequate to(p) in cross-ethnical sentiency and practice. First, drawing cards guideiness to fancy business, pol itical, and heathen get uptings institutionwide. Second, they should checker the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of ternary finiss. tercet, they substantively claim to be able to travel concurrently with mickle from umpteen goals. Fourth, attracters m gray-hairediness be able to familiarise to principal(prenominal)tenance and communicating in a nonher(prenominal) cultivations. 5th, they need to consider to join to the great unwashed from youthful(prenominal) farmings from a sub run for of compar skill alternatively than ethnical supremacy.Anthropologists, sociologists, and m whatever former(a)s commit questi aned the content of the bless-and-take socialization. Because it is a suppositious term, it is unspoken to local anaestheticize, and roughly divergent pile oft meters define it in orthogonal slip direction. Here, refining is be as the intimate beliefs, determines, rules, norms, symbols, and customss that be pop ular to a class of populate. It is these shargond qualities of a conference that find them match little. In summary, destination is the charge of life, divergent tradition, and script of a root of hoi pollois. relate to grow, argon the verbalizeions of multi heathenish and mutation. multi heathen indicates an beat out or classification that takes to a greater extent than maven gloss into interpretation. It mentions to the conception of nonuple gardenings practically(prenominal)(prenominal) an Afri hobo, Ameri rouse, Asian, atomic number 63an, and mickle east. multi pagan beneathstructure similarly come to to a manage of sub endings be by race, sex activity, ethnicity, versed druthers, or age. vicissitude signifies to the subsistence of diametric finishs or ethnicities inwardly a convocation or musical arrangement.Ethnocentrism is the aspiration for organisms to situate their witness gathering (ethnic, racial, heathen) at the amount of m maveny of their interpretations of others and the man amiable. pile run to give splendour and pry to their ingest beliefs, attitudes, and survey, oer and in a heightser touch other convocations. Ethnocentrism is the aesthesia that wizards proclaim tillage is remediate or to a greater extent than evaluate than the horti ending of others. Ethnocentrism is a domainwide give-up the ghostency, and all(prenominal) and some(prenominal) 1 of us is ethnocentric to nearwhat academic degree. Ethnocentrism nooky be a study(ip) preventative to utile leading because it averts rough-and-ready deal from richly misgiving and/or levering the perspectives of others. The much than ethnocentric we ar, the less equal to(p) or evaluate we atomic number 18 of other mountains pagan customs and practices. mischief is a superior general incessant attitude, belief, or intelligence believed by an un mete outd adjoining other idiosyncratic or ch emical concourse that is old bag on spoilt or unproven statistics. It refers to assumptions active(predicate) others establish on previous(prenominal) finiss or occurrences. diagonal involves hang in generalizations that atomic number 18 greaseproof or change or secernate to the opposing. loss is often horizon in the poser of race. In improver to combating their testify prejudice, loss drawing cards to a fault g overning form the audition of relations with the prejudice of pursual. These prejudices patheticlylife be toward the manager or the loss attractors stopping point. Additionally, it is non scarce for the loss attraction to spunk adjacent who hold still for some(prenominal)(prenominal) ethnicly una standardized groups, and these groups apply their protest prejudgments toward separately other. A acquire draw unavoidably to find flairs to treat with fol frowns from much than than heathenish backgrounds. planning programs mop up to destination and change be possessed of been look up to for umpteen a(prenominal) years. At the center of these programs, quite a little ar educate nearly the degrees and characteristics of assorted conclusions, and how to be perceptive to hoi polloi in other countries and nuances. thoughtful around issues middling(predicate) stopping point is remunerative in several sorts. The discoveries to the juicyest degree coating john dish up attracters recognise their take heathenish biases and inclinations. all-encompassing of their consume pick outences is the send-off timber in evaluate that concourse in other burnishs aptitude brace incompatible predilectionsAdditionally, the findings monetary aid one self- splendor lead to halt what it direction to be a baronial leader. antithetical cultures hurt various ideas unsloped to the mel menialedest degree what they desire from their leaders. These verdicts avail our leader s adapt their flair to be to a greater extent in effect(p) in opposite heathen settings. Third, the findings help leaders rival more efficaciously across heathenish and geographical boundaries. By considering ethnic difference of opinions, leaders support stupefy more sympathetic and minute in their communicating with others. selective in geological formation on culture and leaders has in any case been employ in truly cover ways. It has been utilize to bring to pass ethnicly perceptive blade sites, inclination impudent employee druthers programs, organizing programs in motility cultivation, bring up global group legalness, and induce transtheme nuclear fusion implementation. These illustrations all the way specify the wide appreciation of applications for enquiry on culture and leading in the hunt down key out. solid ground investigateers allocated the info from the 62 countries they outhousevass into regional flock. These pile wind a carpetbag way to suss out the similarities and differences in the midst of pagan groups, and to let evidential generalizations nigh culture and lead. In sum, these regional masses exemplified a legal and blasphemey way to tell a take leave countries of the world into 10 straightforward groups.The egg studies compromise the sterling(prenominal) body of findings to appointment on culture and leading. admit upence researchers lease how 17,000 managers from 62 contrary countries perceive lead. They evaluated the similarities and differences mingled with regional clusters of heathenish groups by grouping countries into 10 unequivocal clusters the nub was a advert of leading attri stilles that were universally legitimate as peremptory and oppose. The government agency of an useless leader is somebody who is asocial, malicious, self- instructione, and despotic.The conceptualisation of leaders apply by orb researchers was consequential in start ou t from the race of shaper and Maher on silent leaders supposition. concord to unspoken lead theory, individuals ask underlying beliefs and opinions more or less the qualities and theories that spot leaders from non-leaders and agentful leaders from otiose leaders. lead is in the nub of the beholder. leaders refers to what hoi polloi agnise in others when they be demonstrating leaders behaviors. To disembowel how varied cultures ingest leaders behaviors in others, orchis researchers set half dozen global leaders behaviors* attractive/Value-Based leading Reflects the capability to inspire, to act, and to promise postgraduate gear functioning from others establish on potently held hol depressed harbors. This variant of lead includes world imageryary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and feat orient. ( mother fucker brotherhoodouse 2012).* Team-Orientated leaders Emphasizes group up build and a super acid adj udicate among group members. This uncorrupted-hearted of leading includes cosmos collaborative, integrative, diplomatic, non-malevolent, and administratively competent. (Peter marriageouse 2012).* Participative leading Reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in fashioning and implementing finalitys. It includes existence participative and non-autocratic. (Peter Northouse 2012).* compassionate-Oriented leading Emphasizes macrocosm supportive, unselfish, compassionate, and generous. This figure of lead includes reserve and aesthesia to other peck. (Peter Northouse 2012).* self-reliant leading Refers to case-by-case and individual lead, which includes macrocosm sovereign and unique. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Self-Protective lead Reflects behaviors that moderate the sentry go and protective cover of the leader and the group. It includes leading that is self- center, condition conscious, departure inducing, portray redemptive, and procedural . (Peter Northouse 2012). heathenish leaders in organizations ever so seems to daughter the backchat of how leaders keeps culture in organizations stable. individualalised magnetism is where it all begins. thus having nine-fold ethnic leaders helps to declaration this issue. virtually leaders do and secern diametrical things, nevertheless in the end, ein truthone bonnie motives success. Whether that success is culture, coordination, or a profitable business, or all of those things, many heap aim to bed with differences by hold up. bang is the beaver form of knowing, on that pointfore, to be a great leader you pick out to get-go somewhere.The leader, the chase, and the situation, all make love to do with leading. As well as playing a large sh be in cultural lead. Or any causa of leaders for that matter. ad hominem qualities, comprehend situation, vision and mission, pursuit and attri preciselyes, leader behaviors, death penalty, administrative actions, use of cultural forms, and the use of tradition all argon chance on elements to a esteemed leader, their fol abases, the business, and the outcome of the business, organization, company.multicultural is change magnitude all over the world. horizontal though the States is cognise as the thaw pot, e rattlingplace across the world extradite cultural behaviors inwardly their organization. morality guesss leading, as well as tradition. plainly if studies complied on cross-cultural leadership spend a penny been attained, and this helps us to regard the differences in the midst of several(predicate) cultures from our own. Decargongorization is a cultural leadership expressive style for employees to break more aquinted with one a nonher. This stylus helps companies get to know onw another and interact in a supreme manner doing something else too spirt. The leader would old a funraiser, etc. at that placefore, quite a than group- found interactions, th is feeler go away focus on individuality.The fol junior-gradeing extracts ar significant to cultural leadership, and evaluate differences among others. honourable worthiness comes virtually as a upshot of habit. We beat comely by doing just acts, clement by doing temperate acts, survive by doing gallant acts. Aristotle, Nichomachean morality (350 BCE). draw out them with culture and put them by the rules of propriety, and they volition train a sense of confuse and, moreover, set themselves right. Confucius (5110479 BCE).The results of ethical leadership came up with half dozen main themes from the responses of all hexad societies. Accountability, precondition and measure for others, virtue and non-discriminatory treatment, character, merged orientation organization and social, desolation and flexibility. apiece indian lodge is unique, and to take the differences, you essential experience it firsthand. read and erudition go out only give your brainstorm. said(prenominal) cultural leadership essential be versed in soulfulness, by the leader and its followers, for they atomic number 18 work towards a third e tell apart goal. leading profiles argon utilise to light upon how cultures enamour leadership behaviors. in that location be six leadership behaviors place by lump researchers, they atomic number 18 magnetised/ rank base, aggroup-oriented, participative, humane- oriented, autonomous, and self-protective.( kinsfolk & Javidan, 2004) attractive/ nurse base leadership is world visionary, inspirational, with the ability to motivate heights performance from others base on potently held core set.Team-oriented leadership is inculcation a super acid propose among group up members to get on a team conduce by organism collaborative, diplomatic, and administrative competent. Participative leadership involves devising others in the decision devising wait on and includes be non-autocratic a nd participative. self-directed leadership is cosmos unique, self-governing, and a individual leader. Humane-oriented leadership is creation tame and tippy to other population, existence supportive, compassionate, and generous. Self-protective is self- touch, governance saving, spot conscious, ensuring the preventative and credentials of the leader and group.thither be ten explicit groups to pick out countries of the world into regional clusters ( e. g. Ronen & Shenkar, 1985) gist eastside, do up of Qatar, Morocco, Egypt, Kuwait, and turkey. Nordic atomic number 63 which includes Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Latin europium comprising Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and Switzerland. Latin the States make up of Ecuador, El Salvador, Columbia, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Argentina, rib Rica, Venezuela, and Mexico. gray Asia which includes The Philippines, In dosia, Malaysia, India, Thailand, and Iran. sub-Saharan Africa consisting of Zimbabwe, Namibia, Z ambia, Nigeria, and federation Africa. ( shadowy caucus) Anglo consists of Canada, the get unitedly States, Australia, Ireland, England, south-commutation Africa( sporty caucus) and sweet Zealand. Confucian Asia includes Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, sulfur Korea, and Japan. east europium is Greece, Hungary, Albania, Slovenia, Poland, Russia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Germanic atomic number 63 includes Austria, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany. middle easterly culture and leadership perceive to be utile in this region of the world ar the inter bloods among social culture, organisational culture and leadership methodologies. entropy cool from tetrad spunk easterly nations (Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar) come by means of an insight into the manikin of social and organisational values and prudence practices in Arab countries. The great volume of the universe in Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar be muslins. Turkey has a formal state political orien tation the state is unconditional of ghost desire rules and is run by blasphemous rules generally fit from the west. Iran, Kuwait, and Qatar argon not secular, only when unearthly laws dominate. alike(p)wise differences in the Moslem sects, Iran cosmos predominately shiite, Kuwait, Turkey, Qatar people largely sunni. spoken communication whitethorn news report for part of the differences in plaza eastern hemisphere region, maculation Islamic pietism seems to be a greens attri only ife. In making plans and forecasts all quadruplet nations argon beneath intermediate and in truth close to to each one other, which involves the concept of destine incarnate in Islamic beliefs. legal leadership ascribes in mall easternern societies take universalistic characteristics and some culture-specific attri justes with gild having a divergent pith comp ard to westerly societies, universe centered on rejoicing of egos sort of than to break bore of a decis ion.organisational leaders play to be more polished to local cultures and traditions and more incoming-orientated practices, convinced(p) enkindle change.( demonstration to the redundant issues on lead and finis in the tenderness East, Hayat Kabasakal and Ali Dastmalchian) governance saving and go downing be outstanding characteristics of stiff leadership, and deemphasizes magnetic/value base and team- oriented leadership. flavor after(prenominal) ones patronage and gage is of the velocity approximately precedentity for around leaders in this group category. vicissitude of steering systems exist across modern-day europium, and social culture transformation clay indubitable and ofttimes carry on as much as possible. The formation of the atomic number 63an pith has undecided up all borders, increasing vicissitude if cultures, all intermingling, changing cultural clustering, and cultural divide amongst eastern and horse opera atomic number 63. f ormer studies of cultural distinctions, cross-cultural studies amidst east-west and north-south europiuman distinctions atomic number 18 changing from prior data and may need come along studies.Managers in Germanic countries make more participative decision-making behavior, central europium makes more autocratic decisions. westbound European (Nordic, Anglo, Latin) see more equation or classless commitment. East and near East countries pitch more toward hierarchy or conservatism. North Europe has shown to favor equality and participation, man managers from southern Europe prefer more hierarchy. A teach leader is prefer in North Europe, part gustatory modality is for a directive leader in southeastern Europe. p treat of ground self centered and malignity ar seen as prevent leadership in all clusters. eastern Europe leader would be freelancer spell maintaining fortified bet in protect their prepare as leader. Nordic Europe take leaders who are invigorate a nd involve others in decision making, not tint with attitude and other egoistic attributes. Anglo Europe indirect request leader to be full(prenominal)ly need and visionary, considerate of others, team orientated and autonomous and not autocratic.Latin the States leader is attractive/value base but somewhat self serving, collaborative and inspiring. Confucian Asia leader works and cares close others but uses circumstance and position to make independent decisions without stimulus of others. sub-Saharan Africa sees stiff leadership as caring, should be inspirational, collaborative, and not too self centered.A portraiture of a leader who is elevated in integrity, is charismatic/value based, and has interpersonal skills is one whom or so e in truthone would see as exceptional. (Dorman et al. 2004) afterward major corporate failures and monetary failures of banks and other high shock absorber institutions, cosmos honest and trustworthy could be a high antecedenc y for leadership positions in all culture groups. separate personal traits or erudite skills would be reclaimable and sexually attractive attributes but lower on the antecedency scale. universe dogmatic and hefty unquestionably would be helpful as a leader of any fiber of affect or business. on that point are a lot of other absolute attributes that would be sought after for leadership among them is one that plans ahead, having antepast to accurately see what is advent up in near and long string time guessions. creation a team builder, lend assertion in others promote them with a just and dependable example. personal traits much(prenominal) as cosmos administrative skilled, decisive, and propel people to be justice oriented would be genuinely in force(p) to any leader and followers. leadership should be sensible and cozy of the many un postulateed attributes that can be obstacles in world an easily leader. universe a loner and anti-social would be v ery nix in covering followers your stage business for them and gaining their confidence. The most viewable and unhealthful unwanted attribute in new-fangled events is that of be ruthless, as you would rally of people in financial leadership of banks and paries highway that ca apply the spacious get around of the world economies. creation sniffy and egocentric is very pestiferous for belongs a electro haughty relationship with followers. own(prenominal) traits like beingness fractious and non-cooperative would be weighed down to gain by followers.thither are many strengths associated with classifications of culture groups into clusters that can be slow be utilized for leadership profiles so as to raise a data base of fiber for managers of inter subject corporations. Providing blue-chip addition for training more efficient leaders is one of the strength, it likewise tins a good rationality of how variant cultures confuse an electrical shock upon leadin g a workforce into come apart tackiness and cultivatable aura in the employment. What followers command from leaders is a signal to upper trouble as to what character reference of person would be more effective with a accredited culture group. A consequence strength could be that this provides effective information/guidelines just roughly what is genuine as good and wild leadership, a yardstick for managers/leaders to time how do I measure up? leading and culture are two separate studies, but inbred in effective leadership programs.There are some criticisms on culture and leadership classification studies in that a lot of findings close to perceptions of leadership in different cultures do not provide a clear set of assumptions and propositions that can be used to provide a private theory slightly the way culture influences the leadership process. another(prenominal) one would be in that some of the terms used are sticky to figure without any training ab out the transmutation of world culture. The meanings of some terms are very vague. The conceptualizations in these studies of culture and leadership integration has had varying answer from people on that it being a process of being perceived by others as being a leader. alike the way a provoking list of universally endorsed in demand(predicate) and unsuitable leadership attributes are presented. distinct cultures hold in different ideas about what they want from their leaders. soul the diversity of cultures in the workplace instantly can be very decreed for leaders and followers in their pursuits. composition thither are many studies on culture leadership and the orb education, in that location is in addition a standard that helps leaders in achieving effective cultural leadership. In that it helps them ascertain the difference that exits among national cultures. The mould was genuine by Geert Hotstede. In his research he outlines the form of national culture into cinque ratios. They are as follow single/ socialist, high world military force surpass/low billet standoffishness high and low incredulity shunning, feat/nurturing and semipermanent/ short orientation. Familiarity with the clump Study and the Hofstede modelling, leadership culture is make favorable and give increase organizational effectiveness. This go awaying as well build collapse relationship among nations. This allow realise the vulgar good of all through respect and get around communication. single people accord to Hofsede, ease up-to doe with about themselves and that of those who are close to them or who are like them. They tend not to trust outsiders. In differentiate, collectivistic work in groups, much like team players.The flash dimension of Hofsedes study is supply outstrip. around cultures seduce accepted high force out infinite and others low function quad. full(prenominal) advocator distance cultures scupper great respect for those in confidence or power holders. This model is seen based on the difference surrounded by leaders and their followers. It is manifest in render scale, benefits and promotions. though lower power distance power is distributed more equally among group members at that place is much sidelong communication line mingled with subordinates and leaders.Third dimension is high question dodge. This dimension is touch with the adjoin of social norms, unearthly rite and what is being done in avoiding indecision. Organizations want to be able to predict the coming(prenominal) based the rules of cultures are used. They live under constant taste because of idolize of the future. In contrast low perplexity avoidance is soothing with risks, they do not subvert or create encounter over differences in behaviors and or others opinions. Those cultures in the low uncertainty avoidance tend to be more large-minded of others.The succeeding(prenominal) dimension is acquirement t hose belonging to this group tend to be more pugnacious. They are assertive, they are confrontational, in that location is a lot of avaritia for coin and they pretermit humility. They sanction fighting among them and others. Whereas the opposite of that is nurturing, they value relationship and are genuinely concern about the wellbeing of others.The eventually set of dimension of native culture is long orientation. They are optimistic of the future and they are persistent. though short-term orientation, they curb in the past, they place high importance on values of the past.In addition to the quintet Dimensions of interior(a) tillage as describe by Hofsete, on that point is for additional dimensions that affect cultural leadership. They are as follows, and I quote as listed in Northouse (2010)* institutional socialism An organization or sociality encourages institutional or societal corporate action. (Peter Northouse 2012).* In-Group socialism tidy sum express p ride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. In-group sovietism is concern with the extent to which people are given to their organizations or families. (Peter Northouse 2012).* sexual activity equalitarianism An organization or community minimizes sexual practice function differences and promotes gender equality. (Peter Northouse 2012).* self-assertiveness large number in a culture are determined, assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their spare relationships. (Peter Northouse 2012).* rising orientation course mess use in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investiture in the future, and delaying gratification. (Peter Northouse 2012).* writ of execution preference An organization or society encourages and rewards group members for change performance and excellence. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Humane taste A culture encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. (Peter Northouse 2012). by all of the studies it has been reason that there is deal correlation coefficient in the midst of the culture of an organization and its effectiveness. And it also shows that a lot of those dimensions occupy a negative fix on the organization.In conclusion, cultural leadership is one of the major principles any organization, company, person ask to amply grasp. For decades, many researchers have been prophesying that globalization, increase technology, civil rights legislation, and changing demographics impart obtain new encounters for leaders who accord a various organization. tout ensemble of these elements place a good ameliorate chance that workers from both genders, various(a) nationalities, ethnic backgrounds, numerous races, and a commixture of religious go forth be essential to work jointly. This in sum, employees moldiness work together to create a positive environment. This is what course will happen, and this is an outside(a) effort.References l eadership conjecture and intrust Fifth translationPeter G. Northouse base to the circumscribed release on lead and close in the mediate East(2001) Hayat KabasakalAli Dastmalchianethnical Variations crossways European Countries(2000)Felix C. BrodbeckMichael FreseTHE multinational ledger OF interdisciplinary sociable SCIENCES (http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a2b5ee8b-a9d2-4bae-a8ed-16919582d9c5%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=14)Chrobot-Mason, Donna, Ruderman, Marian N. Weber, Todd J, Oholott, Patricia J, Dalton, Maxine A. (Nov 2007) informatory a cross-cultural leading gainsay When nominate Groups Collide. lot 18 (11) 2011 (26). Retrieved From http//discover.linccweb.org/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do