Arthur Miller Essay

The Crucible was written in 1952 by the writer Arthur Miller. It is a story of ‘witch-hunts’ which occurred a lot during the 1950’s. Throughout the play, Arthur Miller has talked about characters facing severe tests that have made them question their own self. It shows the extreme surprising occurrences which were often being caused by what they thought was the devil or his cohorts. The inscrutable sickness fears of witchcraft were happening and it was not long before the girls, and many residents began to accuse other villagers of associating themselves with devils and casting spells. Old grudges and jealousies spilled out into the open, making the atmosphere very tense. A lot of the residents were either forced to give in and live or lie and be put to death by being hanged. In some sense, ‘The Crucible’ has the arrangement of a tragedy, With John Proctor as the play’s tragic hero. John Proctor is an honest, upright, blunt-spoken person, however he is a very good man. The fatal flaw of him is the lust for Abigail Williams which led to an affair (this happened before the play begins). This caused jealousy of his wife, Elizabeth, which sets the entire witch exaggeration within the community in motion. Of all the major characters throughout the play, Abigail is the least complicated. She is sort of the villain in the play. She tells lies, manipulates her own friends and the entire town to her favour. Eventually she sends nineteen innocent people to their deaths due to the lies she tells and the way she manipulated people. Among the witch-hunt mania, Abigail’s motives never seem more complex than just jealousy and the desire to have revenge on Elizabeth Proctor. In the play, Abigail seems to be like a biblical character, like a Jezebel figure, always being driven by a sexual desire and a lust for power. In the first chapter, the audience learn about the affair associated with Abigail and Proctor. We learn that they have had an affair, however the audience soon see that the affair is no longer continuing. ‘Abigail: Give me a word, John. A soft word. (Her concentrated desire destroys his smile. ), ‘Proctor: No, no, Abby. That’s done with. ‘. He reacts negatively, he denies her, and he is repulsed. He is trying to put the adultery in the past. ‘Proctor: Abby, I might think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut my hand off before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby’, he tries to put his adultery in the past. He tells her that he never touched her, even though he did, and he makes it clear that It will never happen again. Throughout the monologue with Proctor and Abigail, the attitude and mood soon changes because Proctor wants to leave the affair in the past, and wipe it out of mind, like it never happened. ‘Wipe it out of mind’. However Abigail wants to carry on with the sexual desire to carry on the affair with Proctor. At the beginning of the monologue he tries to set her firmly out of his path, however later he gets angry and she can’t believe it. Abigail soon gets quite angry as well, and this part of the play expresses the anger between both of them ‘Abigail (With a flash of anger): How do you call me child! ‘ During Act 1, it seems as though Abigail wants John Proctor ‘Abigail (grasping his hand before he can release her): John – I am waitin’ for you every night’, however as the John Proctor and her keep talking there is a change in her mood because he is not giving into her sexual desire for him. Now her mood changes into anger and jealousy ‘Abigail (With a bitter anger): Oh, I marvel how such a strong man may let such a sickly wife be-‘, here she becomes really jealous that he won’t give into her due to the fact that he loves Elizabeth, and Elizabeth is his wife. The stage directions that Arthur Miller uses in the play tell the reader a lot about the character. When Abigail is going on about the affair between her and Proctor the stage directions are beneficial. ‘Abigail: (grasping his hand before he can release her): John – I am waitin’ for you every night’, this instantly helps the reader visualise the character and will aid the an actor that is performing the play, whilst playing the role to act more effectively. Arthur Miller also uses the language as a benefit for the effective of the play, Miller uses language to effectively set the period and the tone for the play. The language brings an approach of something out of the King James Bible, but somehow makes it universal to modern day, and the stage directions being out an approach of making the play more effective to both the actors and the audience. In court, Proctor has an outburst of truth and attack on Abigail. Abigail’s reaction to this, is that he is lying about what he is saying, she tries to manipulate the court room into believing what she is saying. ‘Abigail: Mr Danforth, he is lying! ‘, later on, she then makes it up that she is seeing a bird up on the ceiling, and she gets the rest of the girls to go with her lying, to make it look as though there is witchcraft going on right before there eyes. ‘Abigail, with a weird, chilling cry, screams up to the ceiling’, ‘Abigail (unperturbed, continuing to the ‘bird’): Oh, Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it’s God’s work I do. ‘ Here is where she really starts to manipulate people, and lie. The language that Proctor uses to describe himself is not like his prideful ways.

What is This Divinity That Surrounds Us?

Should we embrace it or fear it's intelligent design? In the poems, â€Å"The Tyger† by William Blake and â€Å"Design† by Robert Frost they marvel and fear this design, ultimately leaving the reader with more questions than answers. Each poet portrays irony, figurative language, imagery, and intelligent design while trying to understand God and and his creations. Let's explore the similarities between each poets poem, first beginning with imagery. The use of this particular animal and insects provides a vivid in depth analysis. This appeals to the readers senses to help them understand what the writer is trying to convey. Blake's statement, â€Å"Burnt the fire of thine eyes†, illustrates a sense of fear of the tiger. He wants to know by whom such a creature was created. Surely God would have not created something so feared. In the third stanza Blake asks, In what distant deep or skies.† Deep in this sense we assume is being applied to the underworld. Frost states something similar to this, â€Å"What but design of darkness to appall?† The â€Å"designer† or â€Å"immortal hand† must have bad intentions because he seems to be associated with some sort of darkness. The imagery both poets left in my mind was the use of nature to illustrate there point. I could not help but to think the animals were a metaphor for humans. Some people live nice quiet lives while others are are murders and rapists. How can both sets of people come from one God who is purely full of goodness? They are seeking to see if in some way God's design is flawed; but how can that be coming from a divine being? The imagery can be seen as frightful yet beautifully realistic, and the language used to describe the animals are simplistic and powerful. There's an emphasis on the animals power but at the same time this could be seen as God's power being conveyed through this animal and insects. Ultimately, the violence and ferocity of the tiger and spider are vivid, terrifying, and has a deep, dark undertone to them.Figurative language is used by both poets as well. According to Webster's dictionary, figurative language is a language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. We see examples of this all throughout both poems. Starting with Blake's poem, it reads â€Å"Tyger! Tyger! burning bright in the forest of the night.† Here the tiger is not actually boring, it's more so used as a metaphor to demonstrate its ferociousness, or it can also be seen as the tigers appearance. The yellowness of its eyes mixed with its orange fur in the night could remind one of fire. In design the word white is mentioned several times. This is unique because white is usually associated with good and purity, yet all throughout this poem it alludes to something dark and evil. â€Å"Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth†, the spider holds up the moth as in some sort of victory it has obtained. The spider who is seen as evil has now triumphed over the moth who is viewed as good. This ties back into that design is either flawed or has a dark side to it. Another place we see an example of this in the poem is when Frost states, â€Å"On a white heal-all, holding up a moth.† After doing some research I discovered a heal-all is actually blue in appearance and is known for its medicinal use. This demonstrates irony because the spider is preparing the moth for its death on something that is meant to heal. Later on in the poem, line ten, the heal-all is now blue. â€Å"The wayside blue and innocent heal-all.† Initially the poet just describes the flower, here he proclaims its innocence, implying the flower had nothing to do with it being white. Therefore this was the work of its designer. Figurative language as well as irony is seen throughout both poems as a way to hyperbole and understand the poets outlook more vividly.Lastly, we come to intelligent design, which seems to be the overall theme of both poets. Each questions God's purpose from a Christian's viewpoint. They ask a series of questions seeking to find or understand this divine design seen in nature. To the readers dismay though, the questions go unanswered. The questions are only presented, I believe it was left up to the reader to truly seek, in a philosophical way, the answers to the questions. The real philosophical question seems to be, â€Å"Why?† Did all these events happen by chance or did a complex entity bring it all about? We get the sense from each poet that there is a higher being behind the spider and the tiger, be he deems to be far to complex for our understanding. In conclusion, I leave you with a quote from Hamlet that draws into what I feel both poets were fundamentally trying to get at. â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.† Just perhaps it is not our creator and his design who is flawed, but us from our outlook on nature that is flawed.

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project management - Essay Example The main problem that is faced when managing the project is that the manager has to achieve the goals that have been set within time limits and a defined budget. Project life-cycle management is the system of management of the whole product lifespan beginning from the concept, designing manufacturing and the service. Gido and Clements (2008) add that the Project lifecycle management forms the base of information for companies by giving them a structured method of sorting and utilizing information, which is crucial for the existence of the project. Project management is essential in the corporate world as ever firm needs a good managerial procedure for the information that is involved in the execution of a business endeavor. Benefits Being a software developer, I work on different projects for different firms to develop their software and realize how such project management helps enhance the efficiency of the firm. For instance I recently developed software for Grubb and Ellis. The fi rm had software development for the different stages of their work. The main project was to implement Lease Management of real estate commercial leases for receivable and payable leases with their respective general ledger charts of accounts, Project Management which included the construction of building improvement projects with budgets and electronic approvals and lastly Facilities management which included tenant services requests to fix problems within their premises which included maintenance both preventive and proactive. Gido and Clements (2008) explain that the benefit of this software for the firm was that it helped in the organization of the whole business. In addition, it reduced the time for execution and thus saved the firm a lot of time. Since every transaction and service was now organized, it reduced a lot of costs and increased the overall efficiency by making systematic ledger accounts of all transactions for receivable and payable of the real estate. Moreover, thi s also improved the entire service quality as individual transaction was visible and categorized which enabled the firm to make customized dealings and giving personalized attention to every customer. In addition, since every transaction and record was properly entered, there was a log of everything and the timing of every transaction; every customer request for maintenance etc was also known which made the entre service very precise, which was appreciated by the customers. Moreover, with such project management software, the firm was also able to assess potential opportunities for business and how beneficial every customer could be in the future. With this, the firm was able to direct its resources in a more positive fashion and in turn earn the business better revenues. In addition, since the data had been stored systematically, it now became easier to go back and forth to older data and save time. Moreover, an optimized version of every product was seen as everything was operated via software and the products and services were now easier to understand and implement. The model of the business can also be replicated in other regions if the firm plans to expand its business. The system would also enable the firm to operate its regional offices through one system and since there were centralized product and services records, decision-making was facilitated and there was a better control over

Diversity in the Work Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity in the Work Environment - Essay Example Diversity is the guide for innovative thinking, entrepreneurial spirit and new methods of building the communities. According to Abbasi, & Hollman (1991) that Diversity as a concept is one that welcomes numerous ways of thinking and expression as important business resources for the reason that those differences can create new and innovative product and service ideas and methods of problem solving. Carr-Ruffino, (1996) said that managing diversity is considered as planning and implementing business systems and practices to direct people so that the probable advantages of diversity are maximized while its probable disadvantages are minimized. Managing diversity well presents a unique advantage in a time when flexibility and creativity are keys to competitiveness. A business needs to be flexible and adjustable to attain new customer desires. We live in time where understanding diversity is becoming more vital than ever. The word diversity has assumed new significance all throughout the past few years. Diversity has turn out to be related with positive action programs and cultural or gender-based sensitivity training. Yet diverse does exactly explain these days a usual firm's workers, independent contractors and customers. In this situation, it merely describes reality. The diversity issues are now considered important and are projected to turn into even more essential in the future due to growing differences in the population. Businesses' need to focus on diversity and look for ways to develop into totally inclusive organizations for the reason that diversity has the potential of yielding greater productivity and competitive advantages. Diversity is an important competitive asset that cannot afford to overlook. Managing and valuing diversity is a key component of effective people management, which can develop workplace productivity. Demographic changes will necessitate organizations to review the management practices and extend new and creative approaches to mana ging people. Changes will enhance work performance and customer service. Operating in a global economy presents vital challenges to businesses. On the human resources side of the equation, assembling a diverse workforce can be component of an effective overall strategy to stay competitive and create more employee and customer loyalty. The diversity of workforce is a through reflection of the organization and the appreciation of the benefits a diverse workforce has to offer. Diversity recruiting is becoming more and more significant as the world turned into more global. At first, legal compliance was the main driver behind most diversity recruiting. It's essential to recruit diverse individuals not merely for the reason that numerous corporations must operate facilities at multiple locations around the globe, but also for the reason that they need diverse-thinking individuals to design products that will be in high demand in every major country. In a global economy, having a diverse workforce is no longer an alternative. It has developed into an absolute r equirement for victory in a global economy. Various organizations have established processes and procedures for

ORGANIZATION THEORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

ORGANIZATION THEORY - Essay Example Edgar H. Schein’s article basically looks into the possibility of coming up with a viable definition for the term â€Å"organizational culture.† He has approached the endeavor from the symbolic-interpretive perspective and he has utilized the metaphor of culture as he tries to define and understand â€Å"organizational culture.† I have classified his work under symbolic-interpretive perspective because one can read from his work the pervading idea that it is persons themselves who have negotiated and created the symbols and have provided the meanings of the symbols that they themselves are using in organizations. And this â€Å"empowerment† is clearly manifested by these people when they work from the same underlying assumptions, hold onto similar values and norms, affirmed and accepted behavior patterns and other similar signs. As such, Schein is operating from the metaphor of culture. Not because he is to define culture, but because he presents the ideat ion that organization behaves or acts in a particular manner because it is the â€Å"pattern of meaning created and maintained by human association itself† (Hatch, 1998, p52) Edgar Schein’s (1988) article â€Å"Defining Organizational Culture,† presented the notion that the term culture â€Å"has different implications and meanings† (p.371). However, the moment that you attached it to the concept of organization one has more or less limited its application to the notion that one is to deal with a particular group in society. And it is in this context he claims that culture though ambiguous, can be appreciated as the coming together of concepts on the basis that is commonly shared by the players creating basic assumptions that becomes the foundation of values, norms, behaviors and traditions. In trying to come up with a working definition for â€Å"organizational culture†, Schein has taken us back to the important dynamic roles and functions that human beings play and perform in the organization. Some

Chart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chart - Essay Example It takes a gut-level feeling to silently communicate knowledge to your students. A proof I have for this is the list of all the â€Å"technically† good teachers I had since nursery, but only some of them were able to tap into my inner thirst and motivation to learn (Moore 5). If effectiveness in teaching relies on these dispositions, then it proves all the more that teaching is not only science, but also an art. Although there is always the possibility that these skills may be learned, most of the times, they are inborn. And yes, I agree that effective teachers should possess these qualities, because I believe that teaching and learning are interactions between teachers and students. The better the interaction is, the better the passing-on of knowledge is. I support inclusion of students with disabilities in mainstream classrooms. I believe that learning is not about restricting, but in expanding the horizon for the learners. If they are able to interact with other students, then they should be placed in that environment. Besides, we allow them to learn so that they will be able to stand up on their own in the future --- and in that future, they will be surrounded by people without disabilities. There are several professional teaching standards in place that ensure the quality of teachers available to students. Upon reviewing their criteria, it is interesting to note that the standards are different from one state to another. It would have been better if the standards are the same because it tells you that they are really after the quality. Having different requirements makes the process look like just another licensure program. Curriculum will continue to change because the areas of needs --- the subject, the student, and the society --- evolve. For one, we now have inclusive education --- something that we did not have several decades back. We also witness the rapid increase in multicultural classrooms nowadays. With the

Political Ideologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Political Ideologies - Essay Example Ideals such as ethnic diveristy, equal opportunity and accurate representation are great ideals but it cannot be imposed that will impede free speech which is inherent in the artistic expression of film making. Film making just like any art form, are not subjected to any absolute prescription of how it should be done but depends on the film maker’s interpretation of the universe and the artistic manner it is conveyed. ACE’s advocacy to impose ethic diversity, equal opportunity, and accurate representation of a movie is a casting decision with expressive element because such advocacy also entails the expression of a particular political persuasion. Such political persuasion (ethnic diversity, equal opportunity and accuracy of representation) will not take any material form if not explicitly expressed and thus the validity of such expressive element should be subjected to the O’Brien and Cohen tests. To pass the O’Brien test, ACE must satisfy all four regula tions which are; 1. The law must be within the constitutional power of government.   2. The law must further important or substantial government interest.   3. The interest must be unrelated to the suppressing expressions.   4. Any incidental limit on expression is no greater than necessary.  ... quality and diversity are one of many the bedrocks of this country.   Indeed the political persuasion or advocacy of ACE is important or substantial to government interest. ACE however did not meet the criteria in the third element of O’Brien test that stipulates that such expressive element must be unrelated to the suppressing expressions in the same manner that â€Å"the constitutional power of Congress to raise and support armies and to make all laws necessary and proper to that end is broad and sweeping† (UNITED STATES v. O'BRIEN, 1968) has no relation with the suppression of speech. In Ace’s case, it is DIRECTLY RELATED to suppressing another’s expression which is that of Donalds interpretation of rendering a particular movie. ACE, in pushing for its advocacy for equality, diversity and accurate representation of film albeit laudable, trampled on another right to free speech thus directly relates to suppression of another’s right to free spee ch. It follows that the exercise of ACE’s advocacy directly suppress another’s right to artistic expression and freedom of speech and places not only an incidental limit on expression that is not only greater than necessary but unnecessary in the first place because no attempt should be made to abridge artistic vision. Unlike in O’Brien case where the Supreme Court ruled that â€Å"we perceive no alternative means that would more precisely and narrowly assure the continuing availability of issued Selective Service certificates than a law which prohibits their wilful mutilation or destruction† (United States vs. O’Brien, 1968) ACE has other avenues where the advocacy of ethnic diversity and equality is appropriate. Thus, ACE may have passed the first two elements of the O’Brien test but grossly failed on the

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Strategic management - Essay Example More specifically, using the diagram in the Figure 3, Appendix, the firm’s stakeholders could be categorized as follows: a) the Owners should be found at the level of the relevant hierarchy having the strongest interest in the firm’s performance, b) the firm’s employees would follow, c) suppliers would also be interested in the firm’s position in its market – indicating its ability to continue its cooperation with its suppliers, d) customers would be at the next – lower – level; they would be benefited from the firm’s performance – but only up to the point that they could not identify other firm with similar products and lower prices; e) the state would be at the last level of the relevant list; the firm’s performance would be important for the state affecting its contributions in the national economy – tax paid for the firm’s profits. The performance of the firm within its market can be differentiated under the influence of a series of factors. These factors have been identified and explained using the Pestel Analysis; at a next level the industry globalisation drivers are presented – at the level that they are related with the firm’s operational initiatives. In accordance with Neely (2002) ‘the key benefit in the process of deciding what to measure appears to lie in the fact that the process forces management teams to be explicit about their priorities’ (Neely, 2002, p.295). In other words, the identification and the evaluation of key strategic values for the development of corporate activities are quite important for setting the criteria on which the restructuring of the firm’s strategies will be based. In the PESTEL analysis, the firm’s operations are related to specific factors, the following ones: a) Political; it refers to the government’s strategies regarding the entrepreneurial activity in the specific industry; even if in the

Three part assingement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Three part assingement - Research Paper Example That notation provided by the program is often readily understandable among the management personnel, developers, and analysts. The main initial aim was to reduce the communication gaps that usually exist among various organizational departments or within enterprises. Moreover, it helps to ensure that Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents are designed for the execution by diverse business processes and such processes must remain visualized within the common notations. The diagrams that are developed through the BPMN programs are often assembled from sets of core elements; hence, making it easy for non-technical and technical observers to evaluate and understand the process involved in any given management process. These underlying core or primary elements are often categorized into three main groups known as the flow object, swimlanes, and connecting objects. The flow objects are geometric figures including rectangles, circles, and diamonds that usually denote specific event and activities (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). These elements in the flow objects are often interconnected with connecting objects that usually appear as dashes, solid, or dotted lines that sometimes include arrows that show process direction. On the hand, swimlanes are geometric signs that resemble lane lines that are found in the Olympic swimming pool bottom. They are often denoted as straight lines that usually run lengthwise in the rectangle marked or known as pool. The main function of the swimlanes is to organize the diverse flow of objects into categories of similar functionality (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Regardless of diverse properties of the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), it main function aims at simplifying the understanding of numerous and varied business processes. Question 2 Challenges Numerous businesses often face series of challenges especially when undergoing any form of organizational change since the business process improvement for businesses is sometim es inefficient. Nearly all the management process change often experiences a push back that might emerge through forms and criteria including prioritizing the work (Halpin, Selmin, Soffer, and Proper, 2011). The prioritizing the work often emerges when there are multiple opportunities thereby making it difficult for the management to identify the most vital opportunity to undertake. Additionally, the business may experience the avoiding scope creep as a challenge during an organizational process change. This often occurs when the change team veers away from the main or initial focus of the change being initiated. The management may also experience the getting engaged challenge. This often occurs when BPI has sponsored processes that in actual sense does not exist (Halpin, Selmin, Soffer, and Proper, 2011). There are numerous challenges that are often experienced by organizations when they are initiating or rolling changes in the organization or in an organizational process; therefor e, the change team must determine and analyze the possible challenges towards effective change initiation and implementation. How Information Systems Support Business Process The circulation of information is quite vital for the operation and management of business processes. The computer based type of management information system often aims at reducing cost and increasing organizational information processing capabilities (Halpin, Selmin,

How does employee training affect organizational performance in Hilton Dissertation

How does employee training affect organizational performance in Hilton Hotel and President Hotel in Athens - Dissertation Example Education is identified as a key component in ensuring the sustainability of tourism (Chandana Jayawardena). Customer service representation is a skill that is worth billions to companies (Stella Service, 2010). Training all of the aspects of the hospitality industry, such as massage therapy, spa skills, customer service skills and interaction, entertainment abilities such as singing or dancing, cooking, and all of the other essential skills for hospitality industry success is extremely pricey but utterly important to success. In this dissertation, there will be an analysis of how Hilton and President hotel in Athens have been using training for their employees and prospective employees and why, and what the relationship between employee training and organizational performance is. Furthermore, there will be an analysis of the differences of training programmes used by an international hotel chain (Hilton) and an individually owned hotel (President). Finally, we will focus on what the perception of employees is of these training programs. The objectives of this dissertation are firstly the exploring of the concept of training and how it is supposed to affect hotel development. Secondly, the analysis and evaluation of the role of training in the Hilton and President hotel in Athens. Thirdly, the identification of why, how and when hotels in Athens use training programs. Finally, the identification of the differences of individually owned hotels and international hotel chains in their training programs. Research History and Current State of Athens Hospitality Industry The Athens hospitality industry is currently undergoing a resurgence, but hospitality has always been a key part of Greek culture. Xenia, or hospitality, was an important element of Greek culture in an era where every stranger on the road could be an imminent threat and travel was dangerous, lonely and dreadfully important (Lucas, 2007). â€Å"Zeus, the king of the gods, demanded that strangers be t reated graciously. Hosts had a religious duty to welcome strangers, and guests had the responsibility to respect hosts. The tight interconnections and mutual respect in this host-guest relationship are reflected in the fact that the word zenos in ancient Greek can mean both â€Å"host† and â€Å"guest.† The relationship is often symbolized in the Odyssey by the presentation of gifts† (Lucas, 2007). The Odyssey and The Iliad indicate, in general, that â€Å"[t]he higher a society's level of hospitality, the more civilized that society is† (Tiedemann, 2009). Penelope could not simply cast out her suitors: Doing so would be grossly impolite, even though she did not wish to marry. Paris' seizing of Helen from Menelaus was an unbelievable violation of xenia, and would secure Zeus' support for the Greeks against the Trojans. And the nightmarish treatment of the Odyssey by Circe was not least a violation of xenia. Thus, there are millennia-old cultural traditions that predispose Athens to value hospitality and providing the best service to those who visit.

Boston Beer Company Essay Example for Free

Boston Beer Company Essay 1.Evaluate the attractiveness of the craft beer segment relative to the market space occupied by the traditional Big Three. (tip: use the Five Forces framework). a.High Threat of new competition: over 600 of specialty beer companies were founded over the past five years, approximately 40% growth each years. In addition, the existence of contract brewing companies lead to low entry cost. b.High substitution: The attractiveness of craft brewing industry are majorly based on unique styles and flavors of beer. there are many different brands and styles of beer so the actual threat of substitutes is high. c.The intensity of competitive rivalry is also high: while there is a major growth of new entry, the market size shows little growth. This creates tremendous competitive pressures among the industry. d.Bargaining power of buyers: Switching cost for buyers are low, as there are many different substitution and options. companies has to consistently maintain high quality in order to retain customers. e.Bargaining power of suppliers: switching cost for suppliers are high for the traditional Big Three, as their supplies are tied to their own brewies. Craft brewing companies has the option of switch breweries in a relatively low cost, as the suppliers know they have options to supply other breweries. This allows them to charge higher prices than the big three. 2.Evaluate Boston Beers business model relative to Redhook and Petes, comparing their business models with respect to specific activities such as procurement, brewing, distribution, and marketing. BBC’s strategy of producing the highest quality of products, the company pursued four initiatives: high quality standards, contract brewing, intensive sales and marketing, and product line innovations. Unlike BBC and Pete’s, redhook relies on its own breweries. Redhook also established a strategic alliance with Anheuser-Busch whereby Redhook products were sold through the nation-wide network of 700 distributorships in exchange for a 25% equity stake in the company. \Similar to BBC, Pete’s operates on a contract brewing basis and stress heavily on marketing. In retrospect, BBC intended to remain a contract brewer exclusively, capitalizing on lower overhead and transportation costs while continuing to invest heavily in its branded products. Redhook believed that its long-term growth and profitability were best served by assembling the largest company-owned production capacity of any domestic craft brewer, guaranteeing production capacity in more than one geographic region of the United States. Redhook also made a substantial investment in distribution, gaining access to Anheuser Busch’s nation-wide network of resellers. Pete’s, on the other hand, appeared to be following a combination of these two strategies by producing its products at both company-owned and third-party breweries. 3.How realistic analysts long-term growth forecasts (25% to 40% for the craft-brewing segment)? Based on the porter five forces analysis, the craft brewing segment has many advantages over the traditional big three, which explains the 40% growth rate. However the large number of new entries companies has already created a tremendous amount of competitions among its own, which retard the long term growth in my opinion and makes the forecasts of 25% to 40% seem unrealistic. 4.What do you recommend to Boston Beer? a.While the US market size remains somewhat stable. By exporting globally, will introduce BBC to new markets and additional sales b.Forming strategic alliance will help combat the increasing competition among industries.

Business Plan Gold Gym Marketing Essay

Business Plan Gold Gym Marketing Essay Venturing into starting a Franchise is traditionally assured to yield a guaranteed Return of Investment than venturing into a fresh startup entity. Although Franchise itself is a business, it is considered as a way of doing business. It is believed by many that Mr. Albert Singer who was the founder of the Singer sewing machine, was the inventor and founder of the concept franchising. He was one of the earliest person known by most as being associated with the concept; however, the franchising really began long time before and has its roots dating all the way back to the Middle Ages (Blair Lafontaine 2005). As per the definition the work franchising is derived from ancient French which means holding a particular privilege or right. Over the years, franchising business models have been evolved and proven to result in high growth businesses. Although there are various large business entities in UK that offer franchising opportunities, only few business segments result in lucrative ROI. After analysing various business analysis reports and market survey statistics, I have identified fitness and wellness healthcare segment as highly futuristic franchise opportunity considering various factors including my current financial capabilities and business goals. Proposed Business Gold Gym Franchise Objective and Description As a fitness franchise of Gold Gym, we will provide an innovative health care, wellness and fitness services. The modern premises will be equipped with the state of the art fitness equipments and provide facilities such as steam bathing and swimming. The place of the business will be chosen in the heart of the town to provide fitness services to local community, besides outbeating the competition. Market Outline Summary In recent times people are getting more and more health conscious as they are more educated about health hazards involved due to unhealthy lifestyles, establishing a franchise business like Gold Gyms is very profitable as well as it can serve the local customers who want to avoid buying very expensive health equipments in their houses. It can in contributing to the society as healthy lifestyle would ensure less unwell people. As per a recently conducted market survey and the report by the Fitness Industry Association (FIA) and accumulated by leisure fitness market analysts, the UKs fitness and wellness business is a 4 billion GBP revenue industry and is seeing the fastest growth of its 20 year history with many more members eager to avail such services facilities than ever before. The comprehensive audit and the market intelligence report published by FIA covers national overviews of both the public and private sectors. Currently, 15 % of the total UKs population are members of a health club or government-owned fitness services and there is an untapped market potential of around 60% and its growing stably at 3 to 4 per cent an year. Besides this, the increased obesity risk levels are compelling large number of people approach fitness and wellness centres. (Fitness: freebie fitness, 2009) These factors clearly indicate that starting a fitness and wellness club or gym will yield a lucrative revenue and guaranteed profits. However, starting a gym franchise is a better idea rather than starting a own gym because of the following factors: Starting a own gym is very expensive and requires minimum of a million pounds investments because of increased equipment costs and the soaring rates of premises leasing. Building own brand (rather than running a franchise) requires higher upfront investment for marketting and brand building efforts that eventually impacts the customer acquisition rate. Employee training and management orientation is easy in a franchise. Investing in a franchise business is usually safer than venturing into a completely new startup due to proven business strategies. Business Model The primary source of revenue of the proposed business will be earned from the various types of memberships offered to the customers. Ideally the member ships will be offered at a predetermined price which would include certain benefits and services that the customer can avail. As the benefits increase the price of the membership would also increase. In the initial stages of the business, the proposed fitness franchise will earn revenues in the following streams: Membership Types 1. Basic memberships (without trainers) : Pricing will be between  £15 to  £25 and will vary time to time because of special promotional offers. Initially, it is proposed to set at  £15 per month. This would provide accesses to very basic facilities and services, ideally to attract the lower income group of people. 2. Gold memberships (with special guidance from trainers): This special membership pricing will be set between  £25 to  £45 because of seasonal-special offers and initially will be set at  £25 per month. This would include more number of facilities and services, more suitable for customers with a higher disposable income. Apart from the above mentioned standard monthly memberships, we will offer weekly and Pay as you go memberships as well which will target people looking for flexible paying options. Membership Duration Membership pricing will be offered attractive based on the following durations: 1. Monthly membership the payments would be taken on monthly basis 2. Weekly membership this will work on week on week basis 3. Pay and Use membership would be a prepaid service Target Customers Customers of varied types including individuals, groups and businesses will be targeted to acquire strong customer base. It is listed as below: 1. Individuals 2. Family group memberships will be offered at reduced fee pricing. 3. Corporate memberships will be offered at reduced pricing. The proposed membership fee structures and the revenue projections have been described in the Financials and Projections section in the later part of the text below. Competitive Advantage The proposed fitness business centre will offer variety of advantages to outbeat the competition in the market. We will provide special memberships for people undergoing obesity treatment and special price caps to attract different age groups such as 35 to 49 and 28 to 34. Moreover, the proposed fitness centre will be in the heart of each town and within reachable distance from the nearby health services. Gym equipments in the facility will be made up of state of the art technology and will have electronic sensors and displays to accurately measure and monitor physical and health parameters. (More details of the equipments have been described in the Equipments Provision section). Multiple number of steam bath facilities and swimming pool facilities will be provided. Free car parking facility will be provided for limited number of hours. Competition In UK, at present, there are very few (less than 3) fitness chains are available in most places, apart from public facilities and many towns are yet to have a gym with sophisticated equipments and services delivery. Therefore, the competition for Golds Gym franchise is moderate and we have a clearly defined business model and strategy to outbeat the competition. Premises and Equipment The proposed gym premises will house various fitness and wellness facilities. There are mainly two different types of equipments which will be available in the proposed gym, firstly free weights and secondly high-tech machines. Free weights are a simple form of bodybuilding equipment with no real use of technology. They are generally cheaper and more easily available. They consist normally of things like barbells, dumbbells, bars, weight plates etc.   In the proposed gym, we will facilitate and provide the following equipments: The Barbell Which is a long iron bar that is around 4 and 7 feet long on which multiple weight plates can be placed as per the required weight. Weight Plates Weight plates mostly range from 500 gms to 75 kgs. They are usually made of iron as it is a heavy metal. Dum-bells A dumbbell is a shorter form of a barbell, generally 10 15 inches in length. Dumbbell exercises are performed with a dumbbell in each hand. Tricep Bar An oval shaped long bar which has 2 parallel placements for the hand. Although it is commonly called as a tricep bar, one can use it to workout other different parts of the body besides the triceps. EZ Curl Bar It is ideally designed for building the biceps triceps. It is much shorter then a barbell and has angled placements for the hands. It is very useful for building ones muscles from a variety of angles and for reducing the levels of stress (caused by weight) which a straight barbell normally can place on ones wrists. Benches This most common piece of equipment which is seen in every gym. There are mainly 3 different types of benches that are popular flat one, an inclined, and decline. Some high-tech benches are adjustable. Some bespoke benches have the facility of racks on one end which hold a barbell, while some benches dont have any such racks. The Arm-Blaster It is a 2 foot in length and 6 inch in width, very flat, curvy metal bar. It has a strap that goes from back of ones neck to grasp the metal bar is flat from corner to corner of your mid section. It works a lot like a preacher bench by eradicating any body momentum and allows the person using it to isolate the biceps. Stability Ball (Swiss Ball) All exercises that one would ideally do on a bench can also be done on the stability ball. The trainee can do a variety of exercises like bench press, shoulder press, dumbbell flies, lateral raises, pullovers, reverse crunches, so on and so forth. This is one of the best piece of equipment and is very popular with fitness conscious people. Abdominal Bench Is simply just a decline bench that is used for doing exercises that focus on the abdomen. It has rollers that a person can hook their feet into so that the person does not slide off the bench. Chin Up/pull up Bar The chin up or also known as a pull up bar is a iron bar that is either bolted on to a wall or any part of any exercise machine. Pull ups are good for working out the upper back, biceps, and forearms. Dip/Push ups Bars This is a set of two similar parallel bars. Dips is the best exercise for working the upper chest, shoulders, biceps and triceps. Leg Press Machine Most people believe that squats are the best overall exercise to build up the leg muscles. Most of the press machines are set on a 45 degree angle which provides excellent movement of legs. With the leg press the trainee can safely lift weights without having to worry about sliding or falling over. It gives less stress on the lower back which can help people with back problems and knees then squats. The Hack-Squat Machine This is a innovative variation of the traditional and popular barbell squat that is commonly used. This is excellent and very useful for developing the outer muscles of the thighs and for toning up. Leg Extension Machine This machine is ideally suitable for isolating the quadriceps muscles and focusing on leg muscles. Most trainees find this exercise useful for pre-exhausting their quadriceps or for warming up the knee joints (which are normally tight) before proceeding to do squats or leg press exercises. Calf Machines There are mainly 2 different types of calf machines, one is the standing calf raise and second is the seated calf raise. The former raise focuses the upper calf muscles (gastrocnemius) while the later is used to work out the lower calf muscles (soleus). Leg Curl Machine This machine is ideal hamstring exercises which is very popular with athletes. Some gyms nowadays may have a leg extension and leg curl machine built in together into one machine, to maximise utilisation of space Financials: Capital Funds and Budget Plan The capital investment and operational costs of the proposed business is as given below: (1) Short term part-investment: Angel investment of  £25,000 towards franchise fee. This includes employee(includes training and management staff) training and management orientation. Brochures, documents and other books and manuals such as fitness and wellness guides, marketing materials such as standard pamphlets. (2) Short term part-investment: Bank loan of  £30,000 towards premises rental and day to day maintenance for the first 12 months. (3) Short term: Angel investment of  £10,000 towards marketing and promotional expenses. (3) Short term: Bank loan of  £30,000 towards staff costs for first 12 months. Therefore, the capital cost of the business upon starting is  £95,000. This is raised as a combined collective-capital as described above in parts of Angel Investment of  £25,000 and  £10,000 in addition to the  £30,000 of bank loan. Financials: Cash flow and Forecast (Projections) The cash flow for day to day operations for the initial twelve months will be incurred from the capital investment as explained in the above section. As per the projections explained below, the break even point (of  £95,000) is expected to cross in the month of nine from the starting day of the business. Upon achieving the break even the excessive funds (as in the figures below) will be used partly for the operational cost and the rest will be accumulated as retained profits, which is estimated to be approximately  £25,000 (after achieving break even). The proposed membership fee will be between  £5 and  £49 for various services. The average monthly membership fee is proposed to be  £15 to ensure competitive advantage over other fitness centres. As a conservative estimate, the membership is expected to grow at 140% in the initial stages at averagely 25 new members a day. Therefore, the projected earnings over the period of initial 9 months ( £15x £25x £9) is around  £101,250 and the breakeven will be achieved in 7th month of starting the business. In a modern estimate (if promoted through freely available internet and ecommerce services), membership base is expected to grow at 265% in the initial stages and break even can be achieved quickly and steady flow of revenue can be ensured. Financials: Future Expansion Plans The long term investment capital funds of  £450,000 will be raised as mentioned below, to grow the business in steady pace for adding more number of gym equipments with advanced features. More facilities including 247 access to the gym will be offered: The long term investment funds will be raised as given below, (1). Listing the business in AIM-Cash shell list in association with external fund raising companies (Projected to raise around  £200,000). (2). Additional capital will be raised through low end venture capital firms to raise the capital of around  £225,000. The total of  £450,000 will be raised as explained above for expanding and ensuring the organic growth of the business. Marketing and Promotions Strategy In the total of  £10,000 allocated marketing budget the advertisement campaigns within the proposed budget will be carried out in co-operation with the parent Gold Gym entity with and estimated cost of  £3400. The printed pamphlets will be circulated to local community with special-seasonal offers as well as special membership offers. Low cost advertisements will be published for the budget of  £2500 in local community news magazines. Advertisement displays will be considered in the second phase of the business upon reaching breakeven point. Conclusion Fitness and wellness care is becoming essential part of life style. With fast life styles, stress full working conditions, growing competitions and unhealthy eating habits, many people have realised the importance of fitness and health to lead a quality life. More and more people are now keen to improve their fitness levels, some for feel good about themselves, some to look better and feel confident, and some to reduce mental stress levels. The brand of the Gold Gym is a proven and time tested that could result in increased customer base. Over the time gold gym has seen growth and succeeded in providing excellent fitness and health services. The brand name backed by the reputation makes gold gym franchise a low risk business model. In a traditional estimate, the proposed Gold Gym franchise is expected to cross break even in around 7 months and yield steady profits from 8th month onwards. Further to the 8th mark growth opportunities can emerge with market conditions improving disposab le income of individuals getting back to normal levels. After carefull evaluating all financial aspects and growth prospects we can conclude starting the Gold Gym franchise will be a lucrative and profitable business.

Relationship Between Insomnia And Depression Psychology Essay

Relationship Between Insomnia And Depression Psychology Essay Nowadays, insomnia is the most widespread sleeping disorder of this century. Being one of the most common sleep disorders, insomnia can be defined as inability to maintain a good sleep hygiene. According to epidemiological studies, atleast one third of the general population suffer from sleep troubles and among this, the incidence rate of insomnia is around 6% to 10% (Daley et al. 2009). Insomnia can be viewed as either being a symptom or a syndrome; the term secondary effect or symptom can be applied in cases set off by psychiatric afflictions, diseases, intake of illicit drugs or excess of alcohol and even an aggregate of all these factors coupled with stress, anxiety or depression (Sivertsen et al. 2009). Insomnia can be evaluated using the Insomnia severity index (ISI) which based on the patients providing an assessment of the intensity of their symptoms (Bastien et al, 2001). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) which makes use of questionnaires is a practical way to assess the sleep quality along with the troubles causing it over a certain period of time (Backhaus 2002). Insomnia is regularly linked to psychiatric disturbances such as depression. Some researches show that depression is the factor that causes insomnia while others disagree by stating that in fact, insomniacs are more prone to develop depression (Isaac Greenwood 2011). Depression can be investigated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). This literature review will be focused on defining the different types of insomnia and whether or not they are caused by depression. The flow of the bidirectional relationship between insomnia and depression will also be presented to determine which one of these two is a risk factor. Insomnia caused by depression Types of insomnia Primary Insomnia Primary insomnia (PI) is the repetitive inability to commence or uphold sleep and this excludes any natural or psychotic disturbances (Backhaus 2002). This has an impact on the quality of life of the patient causing distress and unfitness both socially and physically. Woods et al. 2008 reports that PI occurs in atleast 3% of the population in the western developed nations. According to a study conducted in the general population by Morin et al. (2006), people complaining of dissatisfaction in their sleep are more like to be developing insomnia symptoms compared to those have an appeasing and pleasant sleep. Some of the symptoms that might qualify a person as being insomniacs are: difficulty to fall asleep, have trouble in upholding sleep, waking up early in the morning or have a non-regenerative sleep; these symptoms can either appear individually or in combination with one another as shown in studies by Leger et al. (2010). PI does not occur due to any other particular health condit ions. It is independent of other factors. Secondary Insomnia As defined by the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), secondary insomnia can be linked to mental disturbances, trouble to sleep owing to a medical state or stimulation by a substance. Secondary insomnia is one which is related to another mental disturbance whereby one of the chief grievances is based on the inability of start or maintains a proper sleep and that the sleep even of it is initiated is not rejuvenating at all and this spans for over a period of atleast one month. It occurs in close collaboration with other psychiatric and medical conditions whereby clinical depression is one of the main concern, this state is considered as a causative agent for insomnia. Transient or Acute Insomnia Insomnia can be classifies as being transient or acute is the delay of sleep disturbance expand over a period of less than a few nights or not more than three to four weeks (Fetveit et al. 2008). This type of insomnia is more likely to occur in people who have no previous history of sleep disorders but who have been exposed to some distinctive cause such as caffeine intake, nicotine or any other medications. Chronic Insomnia Chronic insomnia can be interpreted in two different ways; either as a syndrome as a whole similar to PI or as being the consequence arising from a medical ailment such as secondary insomnia or mental imbalance such as major depression, anxiety or by overdose of drugs and alcohol (de Sainte Hilaire et al. 2005). In relation to Fetveit et al. (2008), primary insomnia caters for around 25% of all the cases of chronic insomnia. 2.2 The Mechanism of how Depression causes Insomnia Depression is a factor that triggers insomnia by causing imbalance or deficiency in terms of serotonin which is monoamine neurotransmitter. These particular serotonergic activies govern the sleep regulation. According to studies conducted in vivo by Joensuu et al. (2007), the availability of the serotonin transporter (SERT) changes at different stages of depression and this can be proved by using a technique known as SPECT (Single proton emission tomography). This decline in terms of SERT which is due to depression is mostly localised in the diencephalon in the mid part of the brain (Joensuu et al. 2007). This decline in terms of serotonin level negatively influences the sleep patterns since the serotonin is key constituent affecting both the sleep phases and mood (Buckley Schatzberg 2010). The hypersecretion of cortisol along with ACTH is an indicator of insomnia. Changes made to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis along with the mode of action of the hormone that predict s the start of sleep triggers the onset of depression. The hormone melatonin keeps the circadian rhythm of the body constant. Some studies show that depression causes the level of melatonin to drop which in turn causes a domino effect on the serotonin level. In people with major depressive syndromes, the concentration of cortisol is much higher than that of melatonin (Buckley Schatzberg 2010) as shown in the graphs below which highlights the relationship between the level cortisol and melatonin. Fig. 2 shows the phase relationship between cortisol and melatonin for healthy control compared to the one suffering from mental disorder (Buckley Schatzberg 2010). Yet, there are still other numerous neurobiological mechanisms like the deficiency of the monoamine neurotransmitters, excessive activity in the HPA axis, the faulty action of the gene related to plasticity and circadian genes mutation that can give an explanation on the irregularity in terms of sleep patterns in depressive patients (Benca Peterson, 2008). This diagnosis of sleeping troubles using only polysomnography is not reliable and must be supported by functional imaging or EEG activity patterns to define the correlation between the behavioral and experimental observations (Benca Peterson 2008). The bidirectional flow of the relationship between insomnia and depression Depression causes insomnia In those people who suffer from MDD, one of their major grievances is insomnia. In the adult population, around 60% of them that fits the criteria defining MDD whine about insomnia and an average of 10% to 20% of the insomniacs show signs of MDD (Fava et al. 2006). Using multiple variances, the mean values mean response for two particular groups (insomniacs with or without symptoms of depression) responses pertaining t to BDI-II were analyzed. From the total score derived from the BDI-II, it was seen that depressed plus insomniac participants attained much higher grades on the total score scale in contrast to those with solely insomnia. A feature that highlights depression is the shift in the sleep pattern that leading to insomnia and other disturbances. Among 90% of the depressive patients are insomniacs as well according to a study by Fava et al. (2006), this clearly emphasize on the co-existence of depression and insomnia. Insomnia triggers depression Though not the only one, insomnia is regarded as being the main factor that has an impact on depression. Studies conducted by Pigeon et al. (2008), patients with insomnia are more likely to become depressed and remain so. From the cohort study obtained from health surveys of the HUNT-2 by Neckelmann et al. (2007), the relationship between insomnia and depression is simply based on their resemblance to one another. This defines insomnia as a state marker for depression. As established by Taylor et al. (2005) with BDI and sleep diaries to support the research, the probability of insomniacs developing depression was 9.82 times more than people without insomnia as presented by the table 1. Further, this same study states that the depression score for patients with combined insomnia is much higher compared to other studies. Table 1. Prevalence Rates expressed using the Beck Depression Inventory Score to relate insomnia and depression (Taylor et al. 2005). From the direct analysis of figure 3 below that 4 out of the 5 different depression statuses prevail from persistent insomnia while more than 50% of the sample did not remit or have an improvement from the condition (Pigeon et al. 2008). This proves that insomnia (persistent or intermediate) does have a significant impact on the number of people with improved condition. All these facts boil down to the fact that insomnia is certainly a major risk factor for depression. Fig. 3 highlights the relationship of insomnia and how it is a risk factor for depression (Pigeon et al. 2008) Discussion Different types of insomnia react differently when exposed to other factors such as MDD for example it does not in any way cause primary insomnia however in cases of secondary insomnia, it is considered as being the most crucial factors based on studies related to DSM. This study did not really determine whether a correlation exists between insomnia and depression since they have common symptoms, yet the use of BD1-II did perceive the symptoms of depression in insomniacs. The PSQI has a high sensitivity and specificity for insomnia patients in comparison to healthy controls, thus underscoring that it is a good measure for differentiating between good sleepers and patients suffering from sleep disturbances. Our data suggest, however, that the cut-off score should be set to 6 in order to maximize specificity while only modestly reducing sensitivity. In sum, the PSQI proved to be a valuable adjunct to clinical work on insomnia and is a useful first-line, easy-to-handle, and time-efficient questionnaire to evaluate sleep disturbances. Conclusion

Free Essays - Searching for Truth in A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

Searching for Truth in A Farewell to Arms If The Sun Also Rises was one of the best books I have ever read, then A Farewell to Arms is Truth. I simply cannot believe that these books existed so long without my knowledge of how grand they are. I consider myself to read constantly, more than almost anyone I know, and here in less than a month I read two books that are undoubtedly among the best I have encountered.    When I finished A Farewell to Arms I was of course stunned by the death of Catherine and the baby and Henry's sudden solitude. "What happens now?" I felt, as I so often do when I finish a book that I want to go on forever. This is infinitely more difficult with a book that has no conclusion, and A Farewell to Arms leaves a reader not only emotionally exhausted but also just as alone as Henry and with nowhere to go. The entire work was aware of where it was going and what was going to happen next, and then to stop the way it did was unfair. Now, I've read enough essays while deciding which would be the topic for my class presentation that I know many people see that the unfairness of life and the insignificance of our free will are apparently the most important themes in the book, but I don't agree. I also don't agree that it is a war story or a love story. Exactly what it is, though, is not clear to me. Can't art exist without being anything? "There isn't always an explanation for ev erything."    War and love are obviously important themes in the book, and the relationship between the two is explored by Hemingway and, somewhat, by Henry. In the first two Books we are in the war and the war is overwhelming. In the last two Books we are in love. And, just as the first two Books are peppered with love in the time of war, the last two Books are tinged with war in the time of love. GIVE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THE â€Å"PEPPERING† AND THE â€Å"TINGING.† WHAT EFFECT DOES THE â€Å"PEPPERING† AND â€Å"TINGING† HAVE ON THE NOVEL? THE CHARACTERS?    The third Book is the bridge between the two 'stories' and it is not surprising that it centers on the escape.

In Defense of Liberty and Individuality Essay -- Essays Papers

In Defense of Liberty and Individuality It is a little-known fact that for the past century, every American president has been given a copy of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty[1] upon entering office. Since its publication in 1859, On Liberty’s discussions of liberty and individuality have been a foundation for modern Western political thought and for the liberal democracy. Mill brings to light a unique perspective on the relationship between liberty and individuality, and in the end, on tolerance. According to Mill, individual liberty should be limited by one, and only one thing: the self-preservation of society and other individuals. To that end, man should be free to act and even more so to think in any form he wishes, without the suppression of ideas or opinions, as long as it does not prevent others from doing the same. This liberty will diversify society and allow individuality to flourish. For Mill, liberty—based on a recognition of man’s fallibility and right to self-preservation —breeds individuality, which in turn leads to the betterment of individual character and of society as a whole. Mill begins On Liberty by stating his goal explicitly: a discussion of civil or social liberty and more specifically, what power society or government can legitimately wield over the people—â€Å"the struggle between Liberty and Authority† (On Liberty, 3). As will be shown in more detail later, Mill seems to find himself, and the developed world, in a period of transition. He notes that historical liberty was based on seeking protection against the political tyranny of leaders who did not rule by the will of the people or for the good of the people. Reformers, unsatisfied with the state of affairs, tried to limit the r... ...nt of recognizing all sides of the truth, are principles applicable to men’s modes of action, not less than their opinions† (On Liberty, 58). He argues that liberty and individuality are not only related, but are inseparable. He grounds his reasoning in the utilitarian view that because man is not perfect, no opinion or life should be taken as correct or incorrect unless given a chance to be tested, and that society and individuals can only progress if these tests are allowed. Mill remarks that society is currently being dominated by an emerging conformity and mediocrity. He sees individuality as the only hope to curb this dangerous progression, and liberty as individuality’s creator and protector. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. The Modern Library: New York, 2002. In Defense of Liberty and Individuality Essay -- Essays Papers In Defense of Liberty and Individuality It is a little-known fact that for the past century, every American president has been given a copy of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty[1] upon entering office. Since its publication in 1859, On Liberty’s discussions of liberty and individuality have been a foundation for modern Western political thought and for the liberal democracy. Mill brings to light a unique perspective on the relationship between liberty and individuality, and in the end, on tolerance. According to Mill, individual liberty should be limited by one, and only one thing: the self-preservation of society and other individuals. To that end, man should be free to act and even more so to think in any form he wishes, without the suppression of ideas or opinions, as long as it does not prevent others from doing the same. This liberty will diversify society and allow individuality to flourish. For Mill, liberty—based on a recognition of man’s fallibility and right to self-preservation —breeds individuality, which in turn leads to the betterment of individual character and of society as a whole. Mill begins On Liberty by stating his goal explicitly: a discussion of civil or social liberty and more specifically, what power society or government can legitimately wield over the people—â€Å"the struggle between Liberty and Authority† (On Liberty, 3). As will be shown in more detail later, Mill seems to find himself, and the developed world, in a period of transition. He notes that historical liberty was based on seeking protection against the political tyranny of leaders who did not rule by the will of the people or for the good of the people. Reformers, unsatisfied with the state of affairs, tried to limit the r... ...nt of recognizing all sides of the truth, are principles applicable to men’s modes of action, not less than their opinions† (On Liberty, 58). He argues that liberty and individuality are not only related, but are inseparable. He grounds his reasoning in the utilitarian view that because man is not perfect, no opinion or life should be taken as correct or incorrect unless given a chance to be tested, and that society and individuals can only progress if these tests are allowed. Mill remarks that society is currently being dominated by an emerging conformity and mediocrity. He sees individuality as the only hope to curb this dangerous progression, and liberty as individuality’s creator and protector. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty. The Modern Library: New York, 2002.

Caliban in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay -- essays research papers

The Tempest, considered by many to be Shakespeare’s farewell to the theatre, has of all his plays the most remarkable interpretive richness. The exceptional flexibility of Shakespeare’s stage is given particular prominence in The Tempest due to its originality and analytic potential, in particular in the presentation of one of his most renowned and disputed characters, Caliban. Superficially portrayed in the play as a most detestable monster, Caliban does not evoke much sympathy. However, on further examination Caliban presents himself as an extremely complex character and soon his apparent monstrosity is not so obviously transparent. The diverse range of presentations of him on stage exemplifies Caliban’s multifarious character. Although Caliban attempts to rape Miranda, appearing initially to be nothing more complex than a degenerate beast and so should be presented as such, Caliban is in fact a human being and not a monster, misunderstood only because Prospero, the colonizer, has unjustly depicted him as being merely a primitive native. At the time of The Tempest, settlers began moving out of Britain to colonize America, Africa and parts of Asia. Laying a claim to overseas territory was becoming increasingly important to national identity and power. The voyages of Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama sparked what has come to be known as the age of European Expansion, when England and the rest of Europe began devoting their energies to exploring and developing markets overseas. When The Tempest was written, these immensely important social events were on the top of everyone’s mind, including, presumably, Shakespeare’s. It is for this reason that the play is often considered an allegory of European discovery and i... ...ual intentions behind the creation of the play can never be revealed. However the bulk of the evidence points towards a Caliban who is, despite his possible demonic parentage and unspecified deformity, a human, and it often appears that Shakespeare wished him to be presented as such. This view is not unfounded, as it was known that Shakespeare had read, and indeed quoted from Michel de Montaigne’s ‘Of Cannibals’ where it is argued that the customs of natives were not barbarous or uncivilised, merely different. Post – colonial interpretations of The Tempest appear to view Caliban in a similar light. Caliban’s wonderful grasp and description of his surroundings does not suggest evil, rather his words imply a true innocence. Caliban is not a monster and so should not be presented as such, he is simply bare, unimproved nature, an example of humanity at its rawest form.

Altruism in humans Essay

Calvin et al (1987) proposed a more selfish view of helping, stressing that people help others to avoid feeling sad (a negative state) and because it makes them feel good about themselves. This is called the Negative State Relief (NSR) model. It doesn’t matter whether the negative affect (mood) is caused by witnessing the distress of the victim or whether the helper was already in bad mood. Either way, you help to improve your own mood. Adults may internalise the reward of doing good†¦.. Therefore, adults in a bad mood may help in order to alleviate their negative state. However if people can relieve their negative mood through some other source (such as hearing a good joke or getting some money) then they do not need to help. Effect of Mood Enhancement (EME) study A variation on Batson’s research was carried. Those participants in the high empathy group (i. e. those who shared in the same opinions as Elaine or Charlie) were offered some cash during the experiment. Accordingly, they helped less-their negative state at seeing Elaine or Charlie suffer was diminished by the cash. The reduction of their negative state in this was meant that they didn’t have to help reduce their negative feelings (conclusion). It’s been found in numerous studies that being in a good mood results in more pro-social behaviour. Research have found people to be more helpful after listening to comedy, smelling pleasant odours, after finding money or by going outside on sunny days (Boron and Byrne,199†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ). However if people feel their good mood will be affected by helping then they are more likely to not help and walk. Artificial studies: all lab studies are extremely artificial and lack ecological validity. Behaviour in the real world is subject to many other factors, such as social and cultural influences on behaviour – none of which are explored in these lab settings. Therefore it is difficult to generalise lab findings to a wider context. People have criticised Cialdini et al for proposing to negative a view of human behaviour. However the selfish view of human behaviour might be right. ) Helping does help negative state: it’s not in dispute those helping others/ another person in need does lead to an improved mood for the helper. So it has face validity.

Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay

1.0 IntroductionThe better(p) indicant to find the local anesthetic preponderance of electric shavers with developmental harm is from international surveies which drive suggested that to a greater extent than 10 % of of all time soy(prenominal) baby birds in the universe spring developmental dis up to(p)ment ( Amar 2008 ) . U gibber this rate to local cosmos under 15 senescent terms emeritus with the figure of 9.2 million ( Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011 ) , close together(p) 920,000 pincers with deterioration would be arrange in Malaysia. wrangle lyric pathologists ( SLPs ) play a important lean in encourageing the intercourse development of individuals ( ASHA 2005 ) so that they be able to popu latterly inclusively in society as stated in Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 ( disposal of Malaysia 2008 ) . In the mid-1990, merely slight than louvre destination verbiage Diagnosticians who trained afield were operative loc in onlyy in Malaysia which result of amazing 1 2.5 million name and actors line phrase Pathologist to people ratio ( Ahmad 2010 ) . Finally, imposing local talking to phraseology Pathologist preparation started in the late 1990 ( Sharma 2008 ) . Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) is the innovator to offer Bachelor of deliverance Science with Honors while Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) began offering their oral communication Pathology computer programme in 2004-2005. By 2011, more than 175 linguistic process voice communication communication Pathologists had receive from the universities ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) and ar functioning to the federation in contrary scenes.Lian & A Abdullah ( 2001 ) establish that the profession of expression manner of speaking Pathologist is still in its babyhood manikin in Malaysia. The profession still bode for old ages to turn and maturate ( Kosta 2005 ) . Indeed, some an(prenominal) Malaysian voice communication delivery Diagnostic ians arrest fenced that they face great challenges to keep expert profession warnings. The challenges ar unfavourable working environment, deficit of delivery talking to Pathologists, last caseload, small chances for go oning command and newly(prenominal) factors ( Ahmad 2010 Sharma 2008 ) . Despite many challenges that affect Malaysian voice communication wording Pathologists mock ups when eddy off instances, the balance between pragmatism and master keyism should be achieved in order to bring integrity and quality of service proviso ( Ahmad 2010 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) .American wrangle- linguistic communication-Hearing Association ( ASHA ) and Centers for Disease Control and legal community ( CDC ) define developmental constipation ( DD ) as terrible chronic conditions that occur in an chirruple due to physical and or mental damage. Examples of developmental disablement atomic number 18 rational disablement much(prenominal) as Down s syndrome, neuromuscular u p ascertains such as intellectual paralysis, sightlessness, hearing damage, larning disablements, epilepsy, and Autism Spectrum swage ( ASD ) ( Decoufle et al. 1994 ) . The oncoming of the conditions is before 22 old ages of age and bow fall out up stakes normally keep without the person s life-time. Peoples with developmental disablement have restrictions and jobs in his or her major functional life activities such as acquisition, working, walking, lecture production and opposite countries ( ASHA 2005 & A CDC 2011 ) .capital of Minnesota ( 2001 ) described kids in the addition quarrel compass point ( DLS ) as group of kids who be still at the period of larning to unite words into moveences and they have expressive vocabularies larger than 50 words. developing language Phase occurs between 2 and 5 old ages of age for regular developing kids. Another manner to take in evolution vocabulary Stage is that it references to lingual communication level in embrow n s Stage II-V. This pointd average lengths of vocalism ( MLU ) of more than two but less than five morphemes. The type of sentence produced by them argon at the ground of bilinear simple sentences with outgrowth of grammatical morphemes, equal my cat s feeding to compound sentences, like I drink milk and daddy drink java ( Shipley & A McAfee 2009 ) . exploitation language Phase is the well-nigh explosive stagecoach of linguistic communication development for kindergartner to develop from telegraphic vocalizations to fundamental sentence constructions ( Paul 2001 ) . For kids with developmental disablement, they necessarily appropriate treatment to travel through and through this phase ( Paul 2001 International affection for Allied wellness Evidence 2007 justness et al. 2010 ) . Hence, this is an of import passage gate for them to both remain at the alike(p) phase or to turn and come in the delivery for Learning Stage. Malayan spoken communication spoken communication Pathologists play great function to ease the acquisition of this group of kids. This is because plastered caseload fascinaten by Malayan lyric words Pathologists especially those who be working frequent infirmary harps of paediatric instances ( Aishah 2012- unpublished Sharma 2008 ) . From all the paediatric instance, manner of speaking talking to derange ( SLD ) is the or so prevailing type of communication damage seen by Speech voice communication Pathologists in general infirmary ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) .Therefore, this comply exit function as a mention for the professionals in address and linguistic communication pathology about(predicate) the pattern by Malayan Speech lecture Pathologists in pull off kids with developmental deadening in the develop wording Stage. Opinions and recommendations by Malayan Speech style Pathologists sing the bing disciplines volition likewise be collected to give more in-depth solicitude about the patter n by Malayan Speech address Pathologists. Besides, this survey give supply feed cover charges to the professional connectednesss & A universities about the development of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists.Clinical pattern guideposts link up to communicating upset in kids atomic number 18 genuine enter by professional association from western states because they provide pertinent statements sing clinical mode that are ground on the available flow causal agents including adroit clinical sentiments ( Hargrove et al. 2008 & A Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The guidelines in any case assist Speech Language Pathologists in clinical finish devising procedure and to supply high criterions of minimal best patterns go ( Hargrove et al. 2008 health club 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . dateing for back to Malaysia, guideline constitution for the profession of savoir-faire linguistic communication pathology in the local context of use is still developing due to express mail resources and work force. Based on the guidelines documented by American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and kinglike College of Speech Language Therapists ( RCSLP ) , few third estate chief clinical procedures are highlighted and also discussed to guarantee minimal best pattern to be estimable by the Speech Language Pathologists. The procedures are attack utilise in education, appraisal, planning and interpolation ( ASHA 2005 Gerber & A Prizant 2008 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) .Approach use in speech linguistic communication pathology advocate could be delivered utilizing different attacks harmonizing to the state of affairs by either working independently or in close partnership with team members ( SPA 2001 ) . However, coaction that involves household centered, squad working and culturally appropriate function is able to guarantee effectual direction to the kids with developmental Disability in the underdeveloped Language Stage ( ASHA 2005 Diane 2011 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Family-centered is a set of interrelated beliefs, rules and values that practiced by the facilitators including Speech Language Pathologists to back up and beef up the kid s household capacity to elevate and advance his development and acquisition ( Dunst 2002 ) . d unity working in a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary squad, Speech Language Diagnosticians do non provides run in isolation. Alternatively, this teaming establishes a occasion intent and shared ends throughout the direction among the households, professionals and the kid ( ASHA 2005 ) . The cultural background of the households and the kid with developmental Disability is genuinely important in service proviso particularly in Malaysia, a state which is sober known by its multi-ethnicity, multi-cultures and multi-linguistics. Multicultural fluctuations that ever encountered by Speech Language Diagnosticians are values about acquisition, beliefs and perceptual mother about kid functions in the household, out looks for shaver behaviour at different developmental degrees and household perceptual fancys and attitudes toward a disablement ( Diane & A Froma 2011 ) .Assessment involves roll uping relevant nurtures about the kid s conditions to make a diagnose while diagnosing entails placing and understanding the jobs or shortages of the kid ( Paul 2001 ) . Both assessment and diagnosing are ongoing procedures because the diagnosing of the kid could convert over clip as the bout and development of him or her are withal ongoing ( Haynes & A Pindzola 2004 ) . The chief grounds for appraisal are to get at a good apprehension of the kid s job, to set up the service line degree of operation, to ease ends be aft(prenominal)ing for intercession and to mensurate the advancement of the kid in hindrance ( Haynes & A Pindzola 2004 Paul 2001 ) . appraisal with kids with developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is encouraged to see all relevant modes crossways different co ntexts utilizing appropriate appraisal tools ( Paul 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 Haynes & A Pindzola 2004 ) . In add-on, appraisal of developmental age or mental age is normally used by Speech Language Pathologists during diagnosing to qualify the kid s functional accomplishments. But, many Speech Language Pathologists excessively have been discouraged to hope entirely on the enjoyment of developmental age appraisal during diagnosing because it could non smooth the high variableness among the kids ( DeVeney et al. 2012 ) .Based on the assessment findings, the planning of intercession plan specifies the ends and the procedure of intercession by sing the kid s damage, demands and outlooks ( Paul 2001 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The planning aims to place and develop purposeful and contributing acquisition environment for the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage in functional casual activities ( ASHA 2005 ) . Hence, relevant and possible schemes, contex ts, issues, result and timeline should be documented to ease the service provided by Speech Language Pathologists is coordinated, comprehensive and holistic ( Diane 2011 Paul 2001 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Speech Language Diagnosticians are strongly encouraged to exist Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) to help clinical determination ( ASHA 2005 Brankenbury 2008 Diane 2011 Johnson 2006 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) encourages the Speech Language Pathologists to take consideration of ( a ) current high-quality scientific research ( B ) Speech Language Pathologists expertness and experience and ( degree Celsius ) household s penchants, values, and involvements ( Diane 2011 ) . It is an of import atom of effectual and ethical directions as it guides Speech Language Pathologists to extinguish manners which appear no or minimal clinical set up ( Brankenbury 2008 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Evidence-Based Practice as well as helps t he profession of speech linguistic communication pathology to accomplish high answerability and credibleness ( Johnson 2006 ) .Effective instruction techniques ( ASHA 2005 Dunst et Al. 2011 Law et al. 1999 Law 2003 ) are really of import to find the result of the intervention plan. There are three types of intercession methods that are didactic, realistic, and combination of didactic & A realistic attacks ( Dunst et al. 2011 Law et al. 1999 Law 2003 ) . The compartmentalization of different type of intercession methods is non purposes for Speech Language Pathologists to take merely one method and utilize it systematically. In fact, it prepares a repertory of methods available for Speech Language Pathologists to fit the acquisition of the kid with the precise ends that have targeted ( Paul 2001 ) . In this manner, the skill of the intervention for the kid with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is maximized. Introduction of appropriate stuffs or acti vities ( ASHA 2005 ) , exclusive acquisition environment ( ASHA 2005 Dunst et Al. 2011 ) , assistive engineerings ( Sandra & A Sahoby 2006 ) and Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems ( Millar et Al. 2006 come up et Al. 1999 ) are all portion of duties of Speech Language Pathologists in giving intervention to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. These constituents facilitate the acquisition and growth of the kid in a beaten(prenominal) nature environment which is filled with interactive communicating and societal routines/activities. Besides, the debut besides promotes the kid to generalise the new accomplishments to new state of affairs that would go on in mundane contexts.Back to Malaysia, Joginder Singh et Al. ( 2011 ) describe that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists exhibit best pattern in many countries but fail to make in some other countries when supplying services to pre-symbolic kids. Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction which consist the coaction of household centred, squad direction and culturally appropriate services is embed barely practiced ( Lim 2008-unpublish ) Diane 2011 Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 Othman 2010 ) . Furthermore, Lian & A Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists were potential to trust on informal appraisals because formal appraisals are limited in the local market. When measuring pre-symbolic kids, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists showed low trust of roll uping communicating sample and roll uping selective informations out of clinic ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) . Looking into intercession pattern, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists demonstrate different intercession attacks and techniques across different scenes ( Lian & A Abdullah 2001 ) . In other custodies, Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems and assistive engineerings are non famously introduced by Malayan Speech Lang uage Pathologists to better the efficacy of the intervention plan ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) .2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONSHow Malayan Speech Language Pathologists holistically manage kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?What are the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull kill kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?What are the recommendations for better pattern suggested by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE3.1 cosmopolitan ObjectiveTo analyze Malayan Speech Language Pathologists patterns in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.3.2 Specific AimsTo find the specific clinical constituents practiced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage as are attacks used, asses sment, planning and intervention.To find the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.To thread the recommendations suggested by Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians of better pattern in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.4.0 METHODOLOGY4.1 Research DesignThis is a cross-sectional qualitative and denary survey via instruct.4.2 Sampling PopulationThe population of this survey covers all Malayan Speech Language Pathologists.4.3 film SiteParticipants impart be recruited from all 14 provinces in Malaysia.4.4 Sampling MethodPurposive sampling method is used for this survey. All participants who fulfill the inclusion standards ( Please refer to 4.6 ) will be recruited.4.5 Sampling FrameThe contact lists of Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) and Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) will be o btained in order to administer the conceive to all alumnas members. The dissect will be besides mailed or/and posted to all Speech Language Pathologists working with Ministry of Health and to all members listed in the directories of local professional organic structures ( i.e. Malayan Association of Speech-Language & A Hearing ( MASH ) and others ) .4.6 Sample cellular inclusion CriterionParticipants inclusion standards Qualified Speech Language Pathologists and practising locally.However, Speech Language Pathologists who have non had experience in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage will be indicated in the study to return the study without further responses ( Please refer Appendix A ) .4.7 Sample Size CalculationAishah ( 2012-unpublish ) reported that in that location are 175 SLPs registered in the UKM and USM alumni from local universities by the twelvemonth 2011. Besides Speech Language Pathologists who have obtained their makings locally, Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from overseas are besides include in the survey, with the status that they are presently practising locally. Hence, the population of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists is estimated to be between the scope of 175 to 250 Speech Language Pathologists. The spurious of the scope of 210 Speech Language Pathologists will be used as N, in the undermentioned computationIA?NP ( 1-P ) = 3.84 ten ( 210 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 1-0.5 )dA? ( N-1 ) + IA?P ( 1-P ) 0.05A? ( 210-1 ) + 3.84 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )= 137 participantsHappening of backdown and bead out of 10 % is far considered in the sample size computation. sinless topics = nn__1-0.1= _137_0.9= 152 participantssubjectsTherefore, a sum of 152 topics participants will be recruited in this survey.6.54.8 Data order of battleThe study use for this survey is adapted from several surveies that emphasis on happening similar results on SLP patterns ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 Mustaffa Kamal et Al. 2012 Othman 2010 Stuck 2012 ) . The study is constructed utilizing side because the participants involved in this survey are qualified Malayan Speech Language Pathologists who have English proficiency.The study contains the undermentioned subdivisionsPart A Demographic DataPart B Specific Clinical Components7 move that are Demographic informations, Approaches used, Assessment, Planning, Treatment, Opinions sing bing issue and Recommendations of better pattern. Close-ended inquiries utilizing 5 points LikertLikert grading and septuple picks are included in the study. Besides, and open-eopen-ended inquiries are besides included. nded inquiries are included. ( Please refer to Appendix A ) .Survey and information shroud will be distributed to the Speech Language Pathologists SLPs via electronic mail and/or gpost. QuestionPro s online study package will be used to administer the study via electronic mail. Meanwhile, Ffor Speech Language Pathologists SLPs who will have the study and inform ation sheet via postmailing, a reply-paid envelope is included for them to return the study. SLPs will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire study indicate consent to take part in this survey.A follow-up monitor electronic mail or earpiece call will be sent to Speech Language Pathologists SLP ten 10 yearss after the initial distribution. A 2nd reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent 2 hebdomads subsequently.64..96 Validity and Reliability of SurveyThe study will be piloted on 10 participants. Concept, content and face cogency will be determined by modifying the points therefore ( following the pilot survey ) through feedback from the participants. To find how closely related the set of points are sort in the study, internal dependability of the study constituents will be assessedachieved by ciphering Cronbach s Alpha Coefficientusing Cronbach s alpha. This will demo how closely related the set of points are as a group in the study.6.74.10 Statist ical TrialThe quantitative informations obtained from closed-ended inquiries in the study will be analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics. From the study, 11 out of 20 closed-ended inquiries are farther split up into sub-items. Hence, factor analysis via chief percentage analysis ( PCA ) is used as a information decrease technique. Items in the study that measured the same implicit in concept will be grouped together.Analysis method used by Mathers-Schmidt & A Kurlinski ( 2003 ) will be adoptive in this survey. Descriptive statistics ( per centums ) of the grouped-items is calculated to look into the grade of which specific clinical constituents are used.First, to find which specific clinical constituents of Speech Language PathologistsSLPs pattern are most normally used, the per centum of responses for each reply survival ( neer, seldom, sometime, normally, or ever ) will be calculated. Percentages of response for option normally and ever are combined. The specific clini cal constituents are so categorized into 3 groups ( 1 ) constituents usually/always used by 90 % or more of the topics ( 2 ) constituents usually/always used by 50-90 % of the topics and ( 3 ) constituents usually/always used by less than 50 % of the topics.Second, dead body of the specific clinical constituents practiced by the topics will be determined. The information will be categorized as follows ( 1 ) extremely consistent-75 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage ( 2 ) reasonably consistent-50-75 % topics indicated the same frequence of usage ( 3 ) and inconsistent-less than 50 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage for a shady clinical constituent.6.84.11 Research Procedure6.94.12 Gantt ChartYear/Month laborActivities20122013JulyAugSeptOctNovDecJanFebMacApr mayLiterature Review ten-spot tennerdecade ten-spot cristaldecade x decenniumTenTenProposal displayTenSurveyDevelopmentTenTenTenApplication for ethical motivesTenTenPilot needTenTenData Coll ectionTenTenTenTenDatas AnalysisTenTenTenTenReport WritingTenTenTenTenTenTenTenConcluding PresentationTen6.104.13 Information Sheet and Consent FormThe information sheet that will administer to the topics is affiliated in Appendix B.Meanwhile, the topics will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire indicate their consent to take part in this survey.